How to get the recovery code of my Apple ID from my Email?

How to get the security cods of my Apple ID from my Email (instead of phone number)

Do you mean the security codes required to sign in with your Apple ID on a new device or browser?

These messages don't come via a phone number. They leverage Apple's Messages network and can come to any of your trusted devices. Read the support document Get a verification code and sign in with two-factor authentication about the various options you have to receive these messages.

And I'm tempted to say that a security cod is designed to protect you from phishing.