How do I change the date for payment of my Apple Card monthly installment?

You cannot. Its fixed at the end of the month.

You can however schedule early payment to match when you want to make the payments. It doesn't matter when during the month you make the payment as long as you are able to cover the entirety of the amount due that month.

Link-> How to make scheduled Apple Card payments - Apple Support

I want to set mine up for the 28th of every month, so it’s deducted prior to other auto-drafts. It’s really annoying there’s no way to schedule the payment out earlier. I have a low credit limit on this card and it has an insane variable interest rate. I’d like ti be able to decide if paying an overdraft fee on my bank account is advantageous for me vs keeping a card balance. On $3 it’s better to leave a balance but $100 it’s better to overdraft.