Can a screenshot sent to someone from the iPhone 11 make the iPhone hacked?

I got an ask from a friend via the Instagram app to take a screenshot (of the sms) and send it to her. I did. The IG account was immediately hacked and the email was changed.

Later, when I wanted to log into Apple ID the verification code would not come via sms.

I'm worried that my iPhone got hacked via this screenshot.

How I can check that my phone is still safe to use (with Apple ID, back apps etc.) or how I can remove the possible thread from the phone.