iPhone 10 can charge with any 5W/10W/15W USB-A charger or any 5W/10W/12W USB-A computer port and USB-A to Lightning cable, or can also fast charge with a higher-wattage USB-C charger (or higher-wattage USB-C computer port) with a USB-C to Lightning cable.
USB-A is the older and probably more familiar rectangular USB connector.
USB-C is the newer and smaller and reversible (and much higher wattage) USB connector.
I don’t know off-hand when Apple switched from USB-A to Lightning to USB-C to Lightning cables within the iPhone packaging, but (if you have the ”wrong” cable) both cables are available from Apple.