I presume from your initial post you already have an Office 365 account.
What happened is your installed version worked under the older OS. It then broke because it's under the minimum version necessary to run in Catalina.
Go directly to Microsoft's download page and get the "without Teams" full installer for version 16.62.
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/officeupdates/update-history-office-for-mac
Edit: Your "version" changed while I was typing. You recently noted, it didn't need a subscription. In which case, you had a perpetual license version that no longer runs in Catalina. If you prefer a perpetual license, then do as mrnonaustralianguy noted and upgrade to Office 2021.