Apple makes a lot of adapters. Is it an official Apple adapter or a third party adapter Apple sells? Exactly which adapter are you using? Also, you should provide a link to the Garmin GPS documentation for your specific device. I don't know what type of connections your Garmin GPS device has or supports.
Are you running any anti-virus apps, cleaning apps, or third party security software that may be interfering with the normal operation of macOS?
Check the Apple System Profiler to see if the Garmin GPS hardware is actually seen. You can access the System Profiler by Option-clicking the Apple menu and selecting the first item.
What is the exact model of your Mac and version of macOS? You can get this information by clicking the Apple menu and selecting "About This Mac".
Is the Garmin Express software a macOS app? If you are using an M1 Mac, is the software actually compatible with an M1 Mac? M1 Macs are not always compatible with external devices. The same goes for macOS Monterey which tends to have a lot of compatibility issues with each OS update.