I didn't FORGET my passcode... I unlock my phone and iTunes still says my phone is locked. Any ideas?

I repeatedly get the message saying "iTunes cannot connect to the iPhone "Vice's iPhone" because it is locked with a passcode. You must enter your passcode on the iPhone before it can be used with iTunes."

I'm replacing a nearly dead 6S+ with an SE, if that matters.

The new phone sync'd my music, but I can't get any of my apps, phone contacts, etc.

What am I doing wrong?