If my iCloud Keychain is on how do recover my passwords

If Sync this iPhone switch is turned on in Settings > [your name] > iCloud > Passwords & Keychain..

Then you should be able to go to Settings > Passwords and see all your saved credentials.

You can scroll thru the items listed, or you can utilize the search bar up top. Once you find the item and tap on it, you'll see the user name and the password as all dots. if you tap those dots, it will change to your password characters

No, you can’t access them on iCloud (to prevent someone who might have hacked your iCloud account from seeing your passwords). However, Settings/Passwords on your phone is essentially Keychain.