recording vinyl

With most turntables the output is a direct connection from the pickup head. This is at very low level and can't be directly connected to a Mac: it's also not equalized so that the sound would be very toppy. You need an interface, providing an input at low level equalized to RIAA, and a USB output: search on Amazon.

A very few turntables have their own preamplifier and the output it equalized and at a higher level, however you still need an interface because Macs don't provide an analogue audio input. In this case the interface doesn't need to be low level and with .the equalizer

These interfaces tend to be expensive, so it might be worth investigating turntables with a USB connection - there are a number on the market though I don't know how the price compares. These could be directly connect to any Mac.

You will of course need recording software. Audacity is free and is popular: I prefer Amadeus Pro (there is also a Lite version).

You can purchase RCA analog to USB adapters at just about audio shop or Amazon and other online audio stores. They vary in price depending on the quality and price your budget allows. Check your turntable to see if it has a built-in preamp. If not then make sure the adapter you pick does.

Here is just one example from Amazon with a built-in preamp.

https://www.amazon.com/Dynasty-ProAudio-Preamplifier-Computer-Converter/dp/B07MJ1W974/ref=sr_1_5?crid=24BBV1D5301IF&keywords=turntable+usb+adapter&qid=1668532266&sprefix=turntable+usb+adapter%2Caps%2C106&sr=8-5&ufe=app_do%3Aamzn1.fos.006c50ae-5d4c-4777-9bc0-4513d670b6bc

There are dozens more to choose from.

See Roger Wilmut1’s post for recording software options.

You need a USB audio interface that has RIAA EQ like this one -> ART USB Photo Plus Preamp

Or a new turntable that has USB built in.