Do Apple ID security questions still exist for account recovery in dec 2022?

You may wish to read Two-factor authentication for Apple ID - Apple Support

Yes security questions can exist if you have not upgraded to two factor but since you have 2 factor you do not have security questions. While concerting that somebody knows the answers to the questions, there's nothing they can do with that information to compromise your account. You use a trusted device to verify your account, not questions.

Here's some related information about account security.

For iOS 15 or earlier, if you want to see if anyone else has access to your device or accounts, click here --> See who has access to your iPhone or iPad - Apple Support

For iOS 16 or later see how Safety Check on iPhone works to keep you safe. How Safety Check on iPhone works to keep you safe - Apple Support

Related materials:

Personal Safety User Guide

Personal Safety User Guide - Apple Support

> open the Table of Contents

A document with general information about security and your Apple ID --> Security and your Apple ID - Apple Support

Even with the older 2 step verification system, activation of the system requiring two inputs for login obliterated one’s security questions. The whole point of both that older 2 step verification system (4 digit codes sent via SMS) and the current 2 factor authentication system (6 digit codes sent via encrypted iCloud notifications) is to replace the inherently fallible security question concept with a more secure alternate. So both systems, once activated, removed your AppleID security questions completely.

Specifically about account recovery:How to use account recovery when you can’t reset your Apple ID password - Apple Support