translate is in getman

So I think here are the rules, in order:

1. If there’s only one language at Settings > General > Language & Region, that’s the default, period.
2. Otherwise:

The top language there is the default.

An app can override that default. That would be done in the app’s Settings.

Go to the Settings for Translate and see if there is a setting for the preferred language you can fix.

Actually that's not totally right any more. Apps will display in the language you specify in their own settings, not what you have in "General".

Wow, I thought there would always be a "preferred language" item just below "cellular data", but you are right it is missing if you only have one language on the "general" language list. Doesn't seem great to hide the feature like that.

Is English on top here?

That’s interesting! I don’t have the screen you show, perhaps because I use only one language & region (English, United States).

Here’s what I have at Settings > Translate and then at Downloaded Languages (iPhone 14 Pro, iOS 16.2):