Going to need more to go on, because there are several possibilities here.
The number of running programs can have a big impact on performance. If you have the full Adobe Creative Suite open on a system with 512MB of RAM, you can expect things to be a little slow, for example. It can also be the sign of a failing HDD.
So, first thing to do is restart the system using safe mode. Hold down shift as soon as you hear the boot chime. Run it for a bit like that. Do things seem improved? If yes, you probably just need to cut down on the number of things you have going or bump up your RAM.
If not, then run Apple Hardware Test, and see if it detects any issue with your HDD.
1: This is not when there are multiple programs running. It would be having the mail program open and then opening Safari. I'm getting the little spinning wheel instead of Safari opening quickly.
2: Over the last month I've gotten error messages that have forced me to restart. This is new.
Could you define the noticeable slow down in time (seconds, minutes, etc)?
Have you tried working in a new user account? If not, create a brand new account, then log out of the current one & into the new and see if performance improves.
Also try booting in Safe Mode by holding the Shift key while starting up. This may take a few minutes, so be patient!