Can I receive Apple Card funds from a non Apple phone sender?

Apple Card is a Mastercard credit card and cannot be used to send or receive money.

Apple Cash can be used to send or receive money between people who have Apple devices. See: Send and receive money with Apple Cash - Apple Support

There are 3rd party apps that are available on the Apple App Store and on Android app stores that can be used. One example is Venmo.

Can someone who does not have an Apple product send money to my Apple Card?

No, Person 2 Person transfer requires Apple Messages (iMessage) app. The app is an Apple only product.