The Apple Preview viewer can sometimes work fine with PDF files, and sometimes not.
You can extract the PDF and use a PDF verification tool to determine if the file format is correct, if you want to look into this.
If the data in the PDF is not sensitive, there are online tools such as:
https://www.pdfforge.org/online/en/validate-pdfa
https://avepdf.com/pdfa-validation
If the PDF is using a valid format, you can then report the issue to Apple directly.
If the PDF is not using a valid format, you can let the sender know their tools have an issue.
Adobe and some others have commercial tools, but you probably aren't looking to buy a tool here.
Or you can contact Apple Support, and discuss this with them. They'll likely want a copy of the problematic PDF. Use the Support link in the lower left corner of this webpage, and chat or call as available.