With a Fusion Drive, you need both the SSD and the HD since that is how the Fusion Drive works. Since you have now separated the SSD & HD by trying to only mount the HD itself, I don't think you can now access the whole Fusion Drive even if you also connected the SSD with the HD since macOS will most likely see the Fusion Drive as split.
You may be able to use a data recovery app such as Data Rescue. Maybe you can recover some files intact, but be prepared that you may only recover files without any file names.
FYI, even if the Mac won't boot, many times a Mac can be put into Target Disk Mode to access the data on the internal drive...just needs to power on (no display necessary) and have a working Thunderbolt and/or USB port.
Also, people should always have frequent and regular backups of their computer and all external media (including the cloud) which contains important & unique data.