The as-configured “Trusted Numbers” can be displayed to you (in a semi-redacted format) when you attempt to login to https://icloud.com/
At the screen where you would normally enter the 6-digit Verification Code, click on “Didn’t Receive Code.”
That will lead you to a screen where you can view - and send to - your trusted numbers … perhaps that display will aid your memories and allow to to receive the code.
Otherwise, your ONLY other option is to initiate “Account Recovery” as described near the end of this article:
Get a verification code and sign in with two-factor authentication - Apple Support