Upon re-read … w/o knowing your AppleID password, there is NO MEANS available to quickly regain access to your personal iCloud account …
… even if you DID have accessible Trusted Numbers configured.
Going forward …
There are 3 key pieces of info which you must know to regularly use devices and to make Apple’s security and lost device locating system system (FindMy) work FOR you:
- Device Passcode (or Password on a Mac)
- AppleID
- AppleID Password
Lastly, you need to carefully read, digest, and understand the info contained in this article:
Two-factor authentication for Apple ID - Apple Support