My 10 year old iPad Air is so slow

As described, you likely have an iPad Air1, mini2 or mini3. These models cannot be updated beyond iOS 12.5.7. When compared with more recent models, with much more powerful internal hardware, performance of older models cannot hope to compete with recent hardware. Websites are increasingly sophisticated, making greater demands upon dated hardware.

Apple ended major update support for the iPad Air1, mini2 and mini3 models of iPad in September 2019 - although they have continued to receive occasional “point” security updates, the most recent being released January 2023. These devices cannot be updated to iPadOS 13 (or any later major versions of iPadOS) as the internal hardware does not meet the minimum technical requirements (CPU capabilities and available RAM) for newer versions of iOS/iPadOS.

Some App developers have dropped support for iOS versions preceding iOS 13.x for technical reasons (often because APIs or software libraries upon which they rely have been updated in the new version of iPadOS, making their App incompatible with earlier versions). 

Whilst many App titles remain compatible with your iPad, if you want or need to access to Apps requiring the most recent versions of iOS, you’ll need to consider replacement of your iPad with a newer or current model that supports iPadOS16.

Whether or not you are able to update any iPad to a newer version of iOS/iPadOS will be dictated by the iPad model - and the currently installed version of iOS. You can find this information here:

Settings > General > About

Not sure which iPad you have? Identify your iPad model.

Here is a list of the highest version of iOS supported by the older models of iPad (for simplicity - “generations” are shortened to a number) that are restricted in their ability to be updated:

32-bit devices (obsolete)

iPad1 - iOS 5.1.1

iPad2, iPad3 and iPad mini1 - iOS 9.3.5 (WiFi Only models), iOS 9.3.6 (WiFi+Cellular)

iPad4 - iOS 10.3.3 (WiFi Only), iOS 10.3.4 (WiFi+Cellular)

64-bit devices

iPad Air1, iPad mini2 and iPad mini3 - iOS 12.5.7

iPad Air2, iPad mini4 - iPadOS 15.7.7

Newer models are all able to be updated to the current version, iPadOS 16.5.1

• iPad Pro (all models)
• iPad Air (3rd generation and later)
• iPad (5th generation and later)
• iPad mini (5th generation and later)

If your iPad is capable of update to a more recent version of iOS/iPadOS than is currently installed, these support pages outline both the available methods by which the update can be performed - and troubleshooting should you experience difficulties:

Update your iPhone, iPad or iPod touch – Apple Support

If you can't update or restore your iPhone, iPad or iPod touch – Apple Support

If your iPhone, iPad or iPod touch won’t update - Apple Support

iOS update and restore errors – Apple Support

Be aware that while an iPad may be capable of update, in some circumstances you may need to use a computer to perform the update. To do so, you will need access to either a Windows PC (with iTunes for Windows installed) or a Mac (with iTunes or Finder - as appropriate for the installed version of macOS). Ensure that your installed version of iTunes has been updated to the most recent version; the essential device drivers are included.

Download and use iTunes for Windows – Apple Support

Update to the latest version of iTunes – Apple Support

Update software on iPhone, iPad or iPod touch in iTunes on PC - Apple Support

If you have a beta profile installed, ensure this has been removed from your iPad - as, otherwise, installation of production software updates may be inhibited. This support page provides the necessary information to remove the beta from your iPad:

How to uninstall iOS beta software - Apple Support

You should note that for your iPad to install an available update, its battery must be charged to at least 50% capacity - and/or be connected to its Power Adapter. Similarly, the iPad can only be updated over a standard WiFi connection - or be updated by a PC or Mac using iTunes or Finder - over a USB connection.

Well, the first generation iPad Air along with the mini2 and mini3 are very much in their twilight of usefulness. Perhaps more important, as they are no longer receiving regular System Software and security updates, they are becoming more at risk of compromise by unpatched security vulnerabilities.

Many financial organisations and banks no longer support access to online banking and other critical services for unsupported devices - as the risk of fraud or banking theft become unacceptably high.

You might be well advised to at least consider replacing your existing iPad sooner rather than later. Even the current entry-level iPad9 will run-rings around your aging iPad Air - and fully supports iPadOS16 and the vast majority of current Apps. Other models of iPad offer even more gains in capability and performance.

You can directly compare iPad models here:

iPad - Compare Models - Apple

All computers will eventually reach functional obsolescence, iMac being an older family. Is you Mac running the more recent versions of macOS - i.e., Big Sur or Catalina?