You can try to use Command + F1 to toggle screen mirroring on & off.
You can also right-click or Control-click on the System Settings icon on the Dock which will bring up the different sections of the Settings app where you can select "Displays". You will only see one item open on the external display, but that window should have a button "Gather windows" which will pull the main "Display" System Settings window over to the external monitor. If the Dock is not shown on the external display, then move the mouse pointer so the pointer shows on the external display....you may even want to click on the menu bar to give that display focus. Now move the pointer all the way to the bottom of the screen and beyond which should trigger macOS to display the Dock.
You can also try enabling Clamshell Mode by connecting the power adapter, external display, and a wired USB keyboard & mouse, then closing the lid of the laptop. I have no idea if this will work with an Apple Silicon Mac. Even with an Intel Mac this does not always work and has limitations, however, one of these methods should get you to mirror the displays.
Apple certainly does not make things easy.