Hi there rydan313,
You'll want to make sure you're following the guidance in this support article to search for your previous backups in iCloud: Locate backups of your iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch - Apple Support
Regarding the data between now and when you receive your iPhone, it won't be included in your temporary iCloud backup if you already backed up. Have a look at the information below to learn more about the time frame for restoring from your temporary backup:
You have 21 days to restore your temporary backup to your new iPhone or iPad before your temporary iCloud storage expires and your backup is permanently deleted.
Do not erase your current iPhone or iPad until you restore your temporary backup to your new device.
If your new iPhone or iPad doesn’t arrive within 21 days, you can get an additional 21 days to restore your temporary backup before it’s deleted. On your current iPhone or iPad, open Settings and tap Keep My Backup Longer.
To request additional time to restore your temporary backup before it's deleted, contact Apple Support.
You'll find this information and more here: Get temporary iCloud storage when you buy a new iPhone or iPad - Apple Support
If you have any more questions, you'll want to reach out to Apple Support directly for further assistance. They're best-equipped to take a closer look at the issue and provide some additional guidance. This link will help you get started: Apple Support
Take care.