VPN IKEv2 broken after upgrading from BigSur to Sonoma

Right after upgrading macOS from BigSur to Sonoma, the VPN IKEv2 tunnel that connects to the company network has stopped working.

The below error comes up in the Console:

[IKE_AUTH R resp1 FAA8055D85E6EE1E-4717EA5BB0AF28EC] EAP only authentication, received notify error Error Domain=NEIKEv2ProtocolErrorDomain Code=24 "AuthenticationFailed" UserInfo={NSDebugDescription=AuthenticationFailed}

I believe the root cause is highlighted below but I'm unsure what to make of it though (attribution: developer, prohibit joining). What authority prohibits joining the VPN?

To make sure the VPN connection was still operational and to exclude any potential problems with the VPN Server or tunnel configuration. I configured a different macbook pro running on Catalina and it connected successfully. Also, all my colleagues running Windows 11 can connect fine.

I need some guidance to solve this problem.

Thank you