I have no Exchange account, but still see "iPhone is syncing Contacts with Microsoft Exchange"

I was syncing with Outlook for both a previous client and my new employer's Exchange email. However, my company changed their policy about personal devices, so I removed their accounts from my iPhone. There are no longer any accounts listed under Mail, Contacts, or Calendar, and yet when I try to sync my iPhone to my MacBook Pro, the Finder window Info tab says "iPhone is syncing Contacts with Microsoft Exchange"

What's worse is that I recently got a new phone, moved all my data across, and now the new iPhone still has no Exchange accounts but sync still has that block.

Is there any way to remove the data files that are preventing my iPhone from syncing with my MacBook Pro? I don't use iCloud, but have my own mail server, and back up my iPhone by physically connecting a USB-C to Lightning cable. There used to be a way in iTunes to see data for individual apps, and delete it, but I don't know how to do that. Also, I deleted Outlook from my iPhone, in case any data was stored with that, and yet this problem persists.