How can I know what data is collected by an App Store app?

The App Store provides a polite section on each app’s page describing the kind of info you may end up sharing with an app and how it’s accessed.

I’m not obsessive about my personal data and privacy, but I do want to understand how apps interact with my data and what the repercussions of my actions are, as best I’m able.

Forgive the vague question, but I want to better understand the machinations underlying the info provided on the app’s page. For example, Drive by Google describes the following as “data linked to you”: purchase, location, contact info, contacts, user content, search history, identifiers, usage data, diagnostics, other data.

Examples of questions I have include: does using Drive require I consent to Google accessing my contacts list? Is it possible to know what “other data” means?

[Re-Titled by Moderator]