IPhone & IOS compatibility with Catalina 10.15.7

Happy New year

I am looking for a refurbished iPhone to replace my iPhone 6.

My current front runners are 12 to 14 pro.

I have a 2012 MacBook Pro running Catalina 10.15.7 which I use for backups, music, photos as well as syncing. 

I don’t want to end up with a phone that is not compatible with my MacBook & a bit of homework suggests that IOS 16 is compatible but 17 is not. 

Could you please advise me on phone / IOS compatibility with Catalina.