I deleted an Apple ID and now I can't log out of a device

Read this support article —> How to delete your Apple ID account - Apple Support

Carefully and thoroughly read that article for information about what happens when you delete your Apple ID account. For example:

"Make sure that you sign out of all your devices to avoid issues with apps that use your Apple ID account or iCloud. After your account is deleted, you can't sign out of iCloud or turn off Find My iPhone Activation Lock on your devices. If you forget to sign out, you might not be able to use your device when your account is deleted."

Two recourses. Either try to undelete the ID, or hope you kept the original receipt for the purchase of your equipment.

Apple can reset a device if a person can provide sufficient evidence of valid ownership. Try this online here --> https://al-support.apple.com/#/additional-support (Yes, apparently this does work in this situation too: https://discussions.apple.com/thread/253344078?answerId=256255850022#256255850022 )

From: How to delete your Apple ID account - Apple Support

"What happens if I change my mind after I have requested that my account be deleted?

While your request is being processed, you can contact Apple Support [using this link --> Contact Apple for support and service - Apple Support ] with the unique alphanumeric access code you received, and we’ll help you cancel your request. After your account is deleted, Apple can't cancel the request, reopen your account, or restore your data."

If the other person gave you the original receipt you can ask to have it unlocked (as posted previously). Otherwise no.