Access my data from another iPhone

How to transfer data:

… Transfer data from your previous iOS or iPadOS device to your new iPhone or iPad - Apple Support

… Use Quick Start to transfer data to a new iPhone or iPad - Apple Support

If the iPhone is no longer working, and if there is no existing backup or use if iCloud, a hardware repair might be needed, though a hardware repair might not restore the data.

cristobal54 wrote:

I see … I appreciate your reply Mr Hoffman… However, may I present another question : My condition is that I lost my iPhone yet within days I had a replacement… Yet, during the intern, somebody must have found my lost iPhone and turned off find my iPhone … How does that work?… When I logged into my new iPhone, some of my data synchronized, like some folders and not others …

Usually because the passcode was shoulder surfed (became known), though nobody here can provide details, specifics, or any certainty. Maybe it was observed, maybe guessed, maybe smudges, maybe info was spear-phished (fake “police” or “Apple” “has your device” notifications and fake login portals are common), etc. You’d have to ask the thief what they did.

In general, I would here assume compromise and would want to reset the Apple ID password and all other passwords, would enable two-factor authentication if not already, would set up recovery contact(s) and maybe also legacy contact(s) for the Apple ID, and once some common locations have been built up then enable stolen device protection on the iPhone.