janielaurel wrote:
Have a "newer" Monterey MacBook Pro.
What is the exact model? Monterey is a version of macOS which can run on lots of different laptops with different ports. You can get the exact model by clicking the Apple menu & selecting "About This Mac". Since the ports are different than your old High Sierra MBPro, it tells me your "Monterey" laptop has USB-C ports.
It appears to be that the adapter USB connector is about 1/16" larger than a standard USB plug.
Sounds like you are looking at a USB type B connector of some sort. If so, that type of connector is not typcially connected to a computer since most computers have either USB-A ports like your old High Sierra laptop, or USB-C ports like your newer Mac (2016+). It may help to know what cable you are using for the external drive(s) & see a picture of the end you are trying to connect.
Some USB drives may utilize either a USB-C port or a micro-USB-B port on the back of the drive. You will need the appropriate cable to connect to the back of the USB drive. The other end of that USB cable should either have a USB-A connector or a USB-C connector. If it is a USB-A connector, then you need to use a USB-C to USB-A adapter to connect the drive to the new Mac.
Here is a picture of the various USB connectors:

The only connectors which get connected to a computer are the Type-A or Type-C ones. All of the other USB connectors shown Mini/Micro A/B are usually only found as ports on external devices such as drives and cameras.