macbook air recognizes displays, but displays receive no signal

Recently my Macbook air (2020; Sonoma 14.4.1) stopped functioning with all displays. It recognizes the displays that are attached, and behaves as if they are functioning properly, but the displays always show no signal detected. I've tried this with a projector, external monitor, and my TV, all of which were working fine previously. I'm using a USB-C to HDMI adapter that has always worked for me until now. To try to fix this I have played around with the display settings, used a different HDMI cable, and restarted my computer with the display already connected, but it hasn't worked. I recently updated to the new OS, but I'm not sure if this happened immediately afterward.