My HP Photoscanner Scanjet G4010 is no longer working with the new MacBook Pro 14" and OS 14.3.1.

The paid (free trial) VueScan Professional product supports the ScanJet G4010 without any HP drivers or additional software. This will allow you to continue using this scanner until you decide you want something newer. You probably will need the Apple USB-C to USB-A cable for connectivity and then VueScan should work fine on your new MacBook Pro. I would consider keeping macOS current at 14.4.1 and later though.

When I purchased VueScan Professional in 2010, I was using it with a discontinued Canon scanner. The VueScan software supported this scanner through macOS Sonoma when I finally decided to replace it with a Canon LiDE 400 scanner. I have never paid any version upgrade fee for VueScan since my original purchase. I receive no vendor recognition or compensation for mentioning their product here.

You want a scanner that is supported by VueScan Professional without any vendor drivers or additional vendor software. For a given scanner, VueScan will give you this information on the scanner support page.

VueScan supports over 7000 scanners, though some like the Canon v600 and v700 still require vendor drivers for VueScan functionality, but the V750/V850 do not. Vendors have a habit of abandoning scanner models and then without VueScan, you are up the proverbial creek.

I purchased a Canon LiDE 400 last fall because it is dually supported by VueScan Professional and Apple's built-in AirPrint (via USB-C). I didn't require a photo scanner as most of my work is on slides.

That HP printer (tech specs) supposedly supports TWAIN, which means macOS Image Capture might work without needing vendor drivers.

Brother makes some well-supported multi-function printers with scanning capabilities, various of which have flatbed scanning.

Regardless of what vendor and model you decide upon, you will want either a multi-function with AirPrint or a scanner with TWAIN, or both.

Any scanner/printer that is listed in this Apple document will be Sonoma compatible: About AirPrint - Apple Support

Any current scanner from the top manufacturers will be Sonoma compatible. You know what your requirements are so check them out to see which will be best for you.