Does the new iPad Pro or air have a calculator?

While the native Calculator App is not yet available for iPad, this being an App associated with iOS/iPadOS as opposed to system hardware, there are many free and paid third-party alternatives.

One of the very best calculators in the App Store - arguably much superior to the Apple Calculator, is completely free and without advertisements - is Sci:Pro Calculator:

https://apps.apple.com/gb/app/sci-pro-calculator/id684978583

There is no specific calculator app from Apple for iPad right now. However, you may invoke Spotlight by swiping down from the middle of the Home Screen or the Lock Screen and perform your calculation there.

The calculator is not going to be on the iPad itself, it's a software thing, and there is no way to speculate if they are going to add calculator to the iPadOS. It's most likely not going to have it on release if it ever does get one because the iPadOS at this point does not have built in calculator. You can however, get 3rd party apps to get a calculator on the iPad.

iPadOS 17.5 is not released just yet, so we cannot answer that without speculating and I am not going to do that