Since I do not have a Samsung device I may not be able to answer based on my experience.
Upon Google search, I can say this...
The iPhones do not have exactly the same widget functionality as described by you, but it offers similar privacy controls.
Although the iPhone 15 does not provide a single switch to disable all microphone and camera access simultaneously, it offers robust app-level controls to manage your privacy. You can navigate to Settings > Privacy > Microphone and Camera to individually toggle access for each app.
Typically, apps will request permission to access your microphone the first time you use a related feature, such as making a video call. However, during regular phone calls, the microphone is automatically activated for the conversation without prompting a separate permission request. This ensures seamless functionality while maintaining control over your privacy settings for other apps.