Apple's iOS does have NFC capabilities, but they are primarily used for Apple Pay and other Apple-specific features. The ability to read generic NFC tags without a third-party app is unknown to me on iPhones. However, the capability you mentioned, "NFC Tag Reader" in Control Center, isn't available in iOS.
Sometimes, developers can access more advanced NFC features through Xcode and developer APIs, but this requires some technical knowledge and isn't meant for everyday users.
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iOS apps running on supported devices can use NFC scanning to read data from electronic tags attached to real-world objects. For example, a person can scan ...
NFC | Apple Developer Documentation
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This sample code project shows how to use Core NFC in an app to read Near Field Communication (NFC) tags of types 1 through 5 that contains NFC Data Exchange ...
Building an NFC Tag-Reader App
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An interface for interacting with an NDEF tag. An object that represents an NFC tag object. A set of parameters you use to define the configuration of an NFC ...
Creating NFC Tags from Your iPhone