Sadly, if your private email address is being used as a target for phishing or spam, there is little that you can do to stop it reaching your mailbox; anyone that has your email address can send email to it. Instead you have no alternative other than to “manage” it…
First, be wary of any “unsubscribe” links that may be embedded in the email messages. For the most part, unless unsolicited email is from a reputable advertiser, the unsubscribe link will not stop the messages. Instead, clicking the link will simply confirm to the bad Actor that the email address is monitored by a warm-blooded victim - and more phishing and unwanted spam content is likely to come your way.
For unsolicited email, you can use the native blocking feature of iOS/iPadOS to automatically block/delete unwanted email from a sender - although this will only be effective for spam that arrives from a consistent email address:
Block phone numbers, contacts, and emails on your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch - Apple Support
Linking unwanted email to source IP Addresses is ineffective; mail can be originate from multiple mail relays - and temporary sources that may only exist for a short time period. As such, source IP Addresses are likely to be transient.
Where email is using “spoofed” email sender addresses, as is common for malicious and spam mail, your block-list will be ineffective.
The best advice is to avoid becoming a victim. Be careful where you use your email address to subscribe to services. Perhaps keep a secondary address just for this purpose - or, if you have updated to iOS/iPadOS15.1 or later, consider using Apple’s new Hide My Email facility:
What is Hide My Email? - Apple Support
Set up and use Hide My Email in iCloud+ on all your devices – Apple Support
Again, this new feature cannot stop everything, but is another way to reduce the likelihood of receiving and managing email and messaging spam.
In extremis, if the volume of unwanted or malicious mail becomes intolerable, you may have no alternative other than to abandon your current email address and use a replacement - being careful to communicate this address only to trusted people or organisations with whom you need to communicate.
Apple's Hide My Email service is an excellent defence - as you can generate an unlimited number of secondary email addresses that can be used to register with services that you do not wish to disclose your true email address. These mail addresses can be individually disabled as and when necessary.