Most likely a failing or worn out hard drive.....possibly a bad internal SATA Cable which has a high rate of failure on the 13" model. But could also be an issue with third party software.
Run the third party app EtreCheck and post the complete report here so we can examine it for clues.
You may also want to run the third party app DriveDx (free trial period) to check the health of the hard drive (it can sometimes show whether the internal SATA Cable is bad as well). Post the complete DriveDx text report here using the "Additional Text" icon which looks like a piece of paper on the forum editing toolbar.
You can try running the Apple Diagnostics to see if any hardware issues are detected, but it is rare for the diagnostics to report any issues even when a known hardware issue exits & is confirmed through other methods. Plus some of these 2012 laptops just cannot boot into the diagnostics anymore due to a compatibility issue Apple introduced some years ago with a system firmware update. If you see part of the error message showing something like: "Cannot Load EFI/Drivers/TestSupport.efi", then your laptop has that compatibility issue with the diagnostics.