Refurbished iPhone

Not by Apple.

But, there are a number of companies that refurbish phones. It's not possible to identify who the company might be that refurbished the phone in your screenshot.

For what it's worth......Apple does not currently offer any refurbished iPhone 12 models.

Bob is 100% correct. Apple refurbished devices are entirely white box and just a single label, depending on the device. Apple is very consistent on it’s packaging even across it’s worldwide distribution channels.

No, as I stated above, that is not Apple packaging.

To the best of my knowledge and after reviewing multiple Apple Authorized Resellers in Bangladesh, none are selling iPhone 12 models.

It’s possible that independent sellers are selling what is referred to as >new old stock<. New Old Stock are older products that never sold when new and have trickled down to various merchants. These iPhones could be counterfeit, could be used, could be refurbished, could be intended for a different market and not fully function in Bangladesh and probably do not carry a warranty. Apple cannot guarantee the product is new or if it has a valid warranty. This is a buyer beware situation.

Already answered. Did you read my reply above? Apparently, you did not. Here it is again:

In Bangladesh, brand new iPhone 12 is available in the market. Is there any chance of this?

No

https://executivemachines.com/