That Mac can take up to 16 GB of RAM – but you'd have to tear it completely apart (or pay a repair shop to do it) to upgrade the RAM. Adding more RAM will not automatically make the Mac a whole lot faster unless it is starved for RAM relative to what you are doing on it.
You say that it has 8 GB now and that it is for a 14-year-old to do his school work. 8 GB is plenty for running word processors, Web browsers, etc. Until last year, I was using an even older Mac with 8 GB of RAM for similar tasks, and 8 GB was plenty except when running Windows in a virtual machine.
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You could buy an external USB 3.* SSD, clone the contents of the internal hard drive onto it (Carbon Copy Cloner or SuperDuper! can do this), and then make it your startup drive. No risky/expensive surgery involved, and a USB 3.* SSD should slaughter a mechanical hard drive on startup and application launch times.
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As for the operating system, although Catalina is no longer supported by Microsoft, Adobe, or Apple, it is recent enough to run current versions of
If these, or the applications that you already have on that machine, are not enough, then it might be time to shop for a new machine.