How can I retrieve data from lost iPhone without iCloud

Sorry, but there is no way for you to remotely recover data from your lost iPhone.

If you were using Find My on the phone, you can ask the phone to Erase itself, and if the phone has an opportunity to learn of your request, it will do so, but there is no mechanism for remotely retrieving the data.

Unless that data exists somewhere else – in backups, synchronized to iCloud (https://www.icloud.com/), manually copied off to some other place – it is gone.

No. Synchronization happens through iCloud, or through other cloud services (e.g. e-mail providers, other cloud providers). A new phone could synchronize against stuff you had in the cloud or an e-mail provider's servers, but could not synchronize directly against a lost phone that was hundreds or thousands of kilometers away.

Likewise, Quick Transfer requires you to place the old and new phones next to each other, within Bluetooth range.

Unless someone finds that phone, knows where to return it, and is honest enough to return it … and that phone is still in good condition, and hasn't entered a security lockout condition (from too many incorrect passcode entries), any data that exists only on that phone is gone.

Which in practical terms means there is more chance of winning the lottery than of seeing that data again.

Servant of Cats is 100% correct. If you didn't back up before your phone was lost, your data is gone. Apple doesn't have your data and no one here can help you retrieve it. Backups MUST happen before something goes wrong.

If you sent any of your photos and videos to friends and family – say, in text messages, or in e-mail – you could contact them, ask if they still have those photos and videos, and ask them to send you copies back.

I doubt if that will help you with most of your photos and videos, but maybe it will help you recover something.

"How can I retrieve data from lost iPhone without iCloud: I lost my iPhone in Russia, but I am currently in Uzbekistan. I need to recover all the data from the device, including photos and videos that were not uploaded to iCloud. Please help me retrieve all files that were on the phone before it was lost."

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See About Erasing this Device:

If you will not get this device back, then see if you can lock it, and erase it. Find Out How to Here: Erase a Device in Find Devices on iCloud.com - Apple Support

abduvoris115 wrote:

If I buy a new iPhone, will it be possible to restore or synchronize with that lost iPhone?

No, Not if you do not have any data backed up to iCloud on your previous iPhone.