You can do that, but you have to figure out
which preferences you want, and what file(s) they're in. And there are about a zillion of them!
Most user-level preferences you set via System Preferences are in one big file:
*<home folder>/Library/Preferences/com.apple/systempreferences.plist*
but a few are in separate files, such as:
*<home folder>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.screensaver.plist*
System-level preferences, such as Time Machine's preferences, are in separate files in the top-level Library folder:
/Library/Preferences/com.apple.TimeMachine.plist
or one of several files in the sub-folder:
/Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguraton
Other preferences, such as all your Mail accounts, rules, etc., are in separate files at the user level, such as:
*<home folder>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.mail.plist*