Somehow you managed to turn on the SIM Pin. Go to Settings > Cellular > SIM Pin, to turn it off.
Use a SIM PIN for your iPhone or iPad - Apple Support
This will require a PIN number every time the device is restarted to prevent unauthorized access to your cellular network or if your SIM card is removed. It is just another layer of protection and is different than the Passcode that is normally required to unlock your phone. If you enter the wrong SIM pin too many times it will ask for the PUK code and if that is entered incorrectly too many times, then you will need to replace the SIM card. Both the SIM pin and the PUK code are available from your cellular provider if you don't know them.