Can't log in to a new Apple Account in my iPhone as I turned activation lock on

By the way, removing the device from your account should have disabled Activation Lock. Erasing the device just prepares it for using the new account. In theory you should have been able to sign in with the new account without erasing the device, though then you run the risk of items from the old account remaining on the device which can be a nuisance when using the device with a new account. You said, "But I find no way to go to my Apple ID from the settings of my device." What did you mean by that? Tapping on your name should have let you go into the account part after you entered your password. If it did not, were you using Screen Time on the device? If yes, did you disable it?

If you already removed it from your account at https://apple.com/find you are going to have to erase the device to clear the activation lock.

Carefully read all of this article.

How to factory reset your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch - Apple Support

"If you have an eSIM, you can choose to erase your eSIM or keep it. If you erase your eSIM, you need to contact your carrier to reactivate your cellular plan."

Can you log out of your non working apple account on a locked iPhone that I provider locked and make a new one.