How to protect data when the iPhone is damaged?

I recently wet my old iphone 13 and screen went blank and wasnt able to move anything on it anymore. I bought a new iphone 16 and signed in with my old icloud. I was wondering if my old iphone will have my stuff in case someone else will repair it???? I changed my icloud password but not sure if someone will repair it and turn it on and still be able to see my stuff

[Re-Titled by Moderator]