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It's exactly what it says. It's the Recovery Key screen. You are seeing it because at some point you created a recovery key for your account, which then is necessary to log in to your account on new or untrusted devices.
If you are trying to log in to your Apple Account / iCloud account you will see it when doing it from a new or untrusted device or web browser.
When you created the recovery key, you were told to keep it in a safe place since without it, you cannot access your account.
If you have a trusted device signed into your account currently, you can generate a new recovery key, otherwise you will be permanently and irrevocably locked out of your account. Apple cannot help you get back in when you have chosen to use a recovery key.
click here ➜ Set up a recovery key for your Apple Account - Apple Support