Need to find a file on iCloud

Apple offers iCloud Backup for iPhones and iPads but not for Mac computers.

It is possible to sync data from a Mac to iCloud if you turn on those options (e.g., iCloud Photos, iCloud Drive including the Desktop & Documents option). Syncing has some of the benefits of a backup (and the benefit of being offsite) but is not the same as a backup. Major differences include the fact that not everything on your Mac can be synced and the fact that if you delete something, accidentally or otherwise, there is only a limited time period (30 days in most cases) during which it can be recovered.

You can search for files synced with iCloud by using Finder on your Mac and searching the same way that you would search for non-iCloud files.

There is no option to search for files using a browser at iCloud.com.

Also see the Apple article: How to back up your Mac - Official Apple Support

And more information on syncing in:

Set up and use iCloud Photos - Apple Support

and

Set up iCloud Drive on all your devices - Apple Support

and

Add your Desktop and Documents files to iCloud Drive - Apple Support