Apple doesn’t have a system for tracking lost or stolen credit cards. When you enter data for adding a card to Apple Wallet, Apple sends the encrypted data to the Payment Network Operator or PNO (Visa, Mastercard, American Express etc.) and they tell Apple when a card is reported lost or stolen and the PNO blocks the attempt to add the card.
Apple has no way of actually knowing if the card is stolen or not. The PNO does certainly know when one of their cards is lost or stolen. How do they know? You’re banks support team reports it as lost or stolen so transactions can be blocked. All credit cards transactions/payments flow through their respective network.
Your bank has to talk to the PNO. Not all banks use the PNO for card verification, some banks use a third party. You bank has to talk to the PNO or whomever they use for tokenization services and get your card cleared.