This question can go in different directions, depending on equipment brought, equipment left, carrier plans, and total trip duration.
if the (carrier-locked) iPhone 16 is a canard and is not coming along, and you bring the (carrier-unlocked) iPhone 14 with a local eSIM or with a low-cost international eSIM carrier (maybe Roamless), or with an international plan from your current carrier, you’ll get the quoted rates.
If the (carrier-locked) iPhone 16 is coming along, then this is a carrier question. Some carriers offer international plans, which makes the roaming charges (somewhat) more predictable.
If this is related to (longer-duration) traveling and unrelated to (transient traveling) roaming (roaming and roaming charges can happen entirely within one country or region), an Apple Account is perfectly fine with multiple phone numbers from different carriers.
Where the limit for an Apple Account being out of its local country or region might be (unrelated to carriers and roaming charges), Apple does not document. Traveling (weeks, presumably?) is fine, but a travel duration approaching residency (months, presumably?) is not. Where that limit is, AFAIK, we don’t know.
Past that Apple away-from-home limit, you’ll need to transfer your Apple Account country or region, and establish a local payment method associated with your Apple Account, too.
How often an Apple Account can be re-homed, per year? i don’t know that off-hand, but for some reason twice comes to mind. If this is a factor, having an Apple Account in each country or region is probably the least-bad of bad choices, for longer-duration traveling such as for a “digital nomad”.
Another potential wrinkle arising here is how long your (carrier-locked) iPhone 16 can be turned off (when left at home) without your carrier potentially cancelling your plan, or how long your (carrier-locked) iPhone 16 can be out of the carrier’s country or region without your carrier cancelling your plan.
And then there’s taxes and tax residency. 🙄
I do wish this were better documented.