Hopefully to clear things up, there are two things to consider about Thunderbolt or USB computer ports:
- The port type (shape).
- The protocol standards that the port supports.
For USB, the former is identified by a letter. For example: USB-A, USB-B, or USB-C. Thunderbolt is a bit more confusing, as Thunderbolt & Thunderbolt 2, use mini DisplayPort type ports, whereas, Thunderbolt 3 & 4, use USB-C type ports.
Protocol standards are typically identified with a number. For example: USB 1.0-4.0 or Thunderbolt 1-4. These standards define what the port's characteristics for both power and data throughput.
World-wide manufacturers are moving to using USB-C type ports on their products. Apple is doing so as well as you already know with their desktop and laptop devices.
The key here is that the Apple USB-C ports can support multiple protocol standards as pointed out by the others. Going back to your concern about your USB-A peripherals, using a simple USB-A to USB-C adapter should solve how you get them connected.
Note: For USB-A devices, there is no need to pay extra for Thunderbolt cables/adapters, as they will not provide any performance advantage ... that is already set by the device's protocol standard(s) that it supports.
Using an example: If you have a USB-A device that supports the USB 2.0 standard, it should work with any of the USB-C ports on the Mac. However, it will not perform any better than at USB 2.0 speeds. Just having a more capable port on the computer, will not improve its performance.