no, you don't have virus or malware on your iphone
vira and malware are software, the only way one can install new software on a nonjailbroken ios device is apples app store, you can't install software from websites, links, mails, sms or....
the scam links do not attempt to install software usually they attempt to use Phishing - Wikipedia
where they sort of get you to hack yourself really
also read
Recognize and avoid social engineering schemes including phishing messages, phony support calls, and other scams - Apple Support
Identify legitimate emails from the App Store or iTunes Store - Apple Support
Phishing & Other Suspicious Emails
if you feel that you may have fallen for it and provided them with your user name and password then read
If you think your Apple Account has been compromised - Apple Support