Can I track my lost iPhone without Find My even when it's off?

Thieves are pretty smart and usually place a phone in a Faraday Bag, which prevents it from broadcasting it's location. The sad reality is that most stolen phones are never recovered. See what you can do here --> If your iPhone or iPad was stolen - Apple Support

A few things to be aware of:

1. Apple never gets involved in lost or stolen goods. As such, if you receive what appears to be a message from Apple suggesting your device has been found and you need to enter your account details, DO NOT fall for this. It's a scam designed to get you to give up the details to your account so the thief can remove the phone from your account and use or sell it.
2. While you may never see your phone again, do contact your carrier and ask them to blacklist the phone so it can never be activated on any network again.
3. If by chance your phone does show up in Find My, DO NOT attempt to go to where it shows yourself. This could be very dangerous. Instead seek help from your local police if the phone is still in your area. Sadly, it will likely wind up in a foreign country.

Find My is the only way to locate it.

The iPhone 13 supports the find my network. If you had that option enabled, it can be located even when powered off provided the battery has at least some charge and someone with an iOS device with the find my network enabled comes within bluetooth range.