On iPhone 14, is it possible to get GPS coordinates from a satellite?

The Phone 14 has several methods of determining its location, including GPS.

iPhone 14 - Tech Specs - Apple Support

Location

• GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, QZSS, and BeiDou
• Digital compass
• Wi‑Fi
• Cellular
• iBeacon microlocation

GPS location estimation inherently involves listening for signals broadcast by GPS satellites in orbit. GLONASS is a Russian version of GPS; Galileo is a European Union version; and BeiDou is a Chinese version. QZSS is a Japanese system that can be used in an integrated way with GPS.

Wi-Fi location estimation uses a crowd-sourced database of the locations of access points – where your iPhone is both helping to determine the location of known access points, and using their locations to help fine-tune its ideas as to where it is, at the moment. (Yes, this does seem slightly circular.)

Use the compass on iPhone - Apple Support

Yes. For iPhone, use the native Apple Compass App:

https://apps.apple.com/app/compass/id1067456176

Alternatively, you might research and install an appropriate third-party App suitable for your needs. Many mapping Apps have the ability to show your location coordinates - either as Latitude/Longitude, or a different coordinate system appropriate for your country or region.