This is a known kind of issue that can appear after an iOS update. Since your iPhone 12 is stuck at maximum volume I would suggest trying out these quick steps to see if this solves your issue.
Check the Basics
- Make sure the Volume buttons are physically working. Press Volume Down and see if the onscreen indicator changes.
- Go to Settings → Sounds & Haptics → Ringer and Alerts. Try moving the slider. If it doesn’t move, this confirms a software issue.
Restart Your iPhone
- A simple restart can often fix post-update glitches.
- Press Side button + Volume Up/Down → Slide to power off → Turn back on.
Reset All Settings
- This resets system settings (volume, network, display) but keeps your data.
- Go to Settings → General → Transfer or Reset iPhone → Reset → Reset All Settings.
- After the reset, check the volume slider.
If the volume still stays at maximum, it could be a software glitch from the update.
- Backup your iPhone via Finder or iCloud.
- Try updating or restoring your iPhone in Finder (similar to what we discussed with your earlier issue).
- DFU mode restore often fixes stubborn post-update bugs.
If still no luck after I would refer to contacting apple support directly where they will be able to offer you further assistance.
Official Apple Support
https://getsupport.apple.com/?caller=psp